For anyone interested, here are my videos demonstrating how to establish the horizontal reference line as the geometry required by the 8 inches times the distance in miles squared formula to measure the drop of the earth’s curvature down from the tangent plane established perpendicular to the plumbline at the observer’s location.
George Hnatiuk’s Rainy Lake Experiment – Reported & Animated By Walter Bislin
Published on Jul 20, 2019
Philly Blink From Apple Pie Hill
Published on Dec 7, 2018
Atlantic City Blink-Blink From Wildwood NJ
Published on Jan 21, 2019
Horizontal Plane Made Using Theodolite
Published on Sep 25, 2016
Observing Lighthouses Across The Delaware Bay
Published on Oct 2, 2016
Observing NYC From Fire Island Lighthouse
Published on Oct 13, 2016
Observing NYC From Washington Rock
Published on Oct 26, 2016
One Mile Level Line
Published on Nov 25, 2016
Perfectly Flat Level Lake
Published on Nov 18, 2016
Flat Earth – Curvature Confusion
Published on March 18, 2017
CLOWN FROWN FOUND
Published Oct 18, 2018
Flat Earth – Missing Curvature Found !
(Recorded Live Stream 2/23/17)
Flat Earth Proof? – Show Us The Measurements
Published on October 29, 2016
WHERE IS THE CURVE ON LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN ?
Published on Dec 24, 2017
My Videos Showing The Earth’s Curvature Using XYZ Rectangular ECEF Coordinates On The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway And The Bonneville Salt Flats –
GNSS Survey Of Rte 80 For 40 Miles Across The Bonneville Salt Flats In Utah
Published on Apr 14, 2019
Demonstrating Walter Bislin’s Radius Calculator – Lake Pontchartrain ECEF Coordinates
Uploaded on Feb 20, 2019
‘R’ Presupposed No More – Earth’s Radius Measured on Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
Published on Jan 27, 2019
Highlights – Lake Pontchartrain Causeway GNSS Survey Results
Published Jan 26, 2019
Here Is The Curve!
Published Jan 25, 2019
CLOWN FROWN FOUND
Streamed live on Oct 18, 2018
My videos demonstrating the measurement of the curved level water surface –
Observing Lighthouses Across The Delaware Bay
Published on Oct 2, 2016
Flat Earth Proof? – Flat Level Lake Measurements
Published on October 27, 2016
Perfectly Flat Level Lake
Published Nov 18, 2016
Lake Pontchartrain 12/10/17 – Marriott Hotel Viewed From North Shore.
Published Dec 10, 2017
WHERE IS THE CURVE ON LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN ?
Published Dec 24, 2017
Observations made in November of 2015 between Mile Posts 27 and 28 on NJ Route 206.
My first video, “Geodetic Surveyor Straightens Out The Flat Earth”. ….. Hooray ! Geodesy to the rescue ! Nope.
Six sets of near real-time reciprocal zenith angles were measured and recorded. The tabulated reduced data is shown below.
The raw measurements uncorrected for 
The closest LIGO will ever come to detecting gravity was during the construction when the 
High precision 
Tabulation of post-processed vectors
Target at Mile Post 27 over the point at elevation 53.79 at a measured height of 5.51 feet places the target at elevation 59.30 feet.
Theodolite set at Mile Post 28
Setting the theodolite at a measured height of 4.78 feet over Point 28 at elevation 54.52 places the telescope at elevation 59.30 feet.
View of horizontal cross hair through the telescope set level at elevation 59.30 feet on Point 28 looking at the target set up at elevation 59.30 feet on Point 27. Note the distance the cross hair is over top of the target. Six independent sets of 4 zenith angle repetitions in F1 & F2 positions were observed and recorded for a total of 24 near real-time reciprocal zenith angles over a 4 hour period from both ends of this level line. The results are tabulated down below.
Setting the theodolite at a measured height of 5.51 feet over Point 27 at elevation 53.79 places the telescope at elevation 59.30 feet.
Target at Mile Post 28 over the point at elevation 54.52 at a measured height of 4.78 feet places the target at elevation 59.30 feet.
View of horizontal cross hair through the telescope set level at elevation 59.30 feet on Point 27 looking at the target set up at elevation 59.30 feet on Point 28. Note the distance the cross hair is over top of the target. Six independent sets of 4 zenith angle repetitions in F1 & F2 positions were observed and recorded for a total of 24 near real-time reciprocal zenith angles over a 4 hour period from both ends of this level line. The results are tabulated down below.
No thank you …..
Setting a spike 60 millimeters above the water surface on the eastern shore of the lake at the waterline.
Setting a second spike level with the first spike around 3 feet back from the water line.
Second spike is level with first spike 60 millimeters above the water surface on the eastern shore of the lake. The second spike 3 feet back from the water will be used as the survey point. This spike is called, “161101_COOPER_1“.
Quickly driving to the western shore to repeat the same process of setting a spike 60 millimeters above the water and then a second spike level with the first spike about 3 feet back from the water line. This survey point is called, “161101_COOPER_2“.
Measuring 1.458 meters to the notch at point “161101_COOPER_2“.
The dimension from the notch to the true target height is 0.158 meters.
The target is set on point “161101_COOPER_2” at a height of 1.613 meters above the spike facing point “161101_COOPER_1” across the water.
The Wild Heerbrugg T-2 theodolite is set up at point “161101_COOPER_1“. The measured slant height of 1.617 meters reduces to the straight height of 1.613 meters to be the same as the target height across the water.
The theodolite is precisely leveled occupying “161101_COOPER_1” before making observations to “161101_COOPER_2“.
The precisely leveled theodolite occupying “161101_COOPER_1” 1.613 meters above the spike, viewing the target at “161101_COOPER_2” 1.613 meters above the spike with the telescope set level, ie, the zenith angle is 90 degrees. Note that the horizontal cross hair is clearly visibly above the target 7,311 feet away. Both spikes were set at 60 millimeters above the water surface.
Close up view of the horizontal cross hair clearly over the target 7,311 feet away. The instrument cross hair and the target are both set at the same elevation using the water as the level reference. The heights of the theodolite and the target are both set at 1.613 meters above the spikes which were both set at 60 millimeters above the water.
Next the theodolite was moved to “161101_COOPER_2” and the target was placed on “161101_COOPER_1“, both set up at the same heights again, at 1.613 meters above the spike which was set at 0.060 meters above the water.
The theodolite set on “161101_COOPER_2” at 1.613 meters above the spike which was set at 0.060 meters above the water.
As before, the precisely leveled theodolite, now occupying “161101_COOPER_2” 1.613 meters above the spike, viewing the target at “161101_COOPER_1” 1.613 meters above the spike with the telescope set level, we see the horizontal cross hair is clearly visibly above the target 7,311 feet away. Both spikes are set at 60 millimeters above the water surface.
Close up view of the horizontal cross hair clearly visibly over the target 7,311 feet away. The instrument cross hair and the target are both set at the same elevation using the water as the level reference. The heights of the theodolite and the target are both set at 1.613 meters above the spikes which were both set at 60 millimeters above the water.
Next, a multi-frequency multi-constellation GNSS receiver was set up on “161101_COOPER_2” at a fixed height of 2 meters above the spike to collect carrier phase raw data at a 1-second rate.
Next, a multi-frequency multi-constellation GNSS receiver was set up on “161101_COOPER_1” at a fixed height of 2 meters above the spike to collect carrier phase raw data at a 1-second rate. These two GNSS receivers logged data simultaneously for 45 minutes in order to post-process the vector between the points later.
Target set up and precisely leveled over point “161101_COOPER_2” for a second set of independent observations.
The new target height measured above the spike at point “161101_COOPER_2” is 1.430 meters to the notch. Adding the dimension from the notch to the true target height of 0.158 meters gives a true height above the spike at 1.588 meters.
The target at point “161101_COOPER_2” set up 1.588 meters above the spike facing point “161101_COOPER_1” ready for the second set of observations.
Unfortunately some dyslexia set in to allow for a whole set of observations to be recorded at the measured height of 1.340 meters instead of 1.430 meters above the spike at point “161101_COOPER_1“. But, fortunately taking pictures of each step helped to catch the mistake and take corrective actions while still on site.
This picture should have stopped everything, but wasn’t noticed until after recording 6 sets of zenith angles. The instrument height should be 1.588 meters. Oh well, so we have six sets of extra zenith angles measured at a height of 1.497 meters.
Resetting the instrument on point “161101_COOPER_1” at the correct height of 1.430 meters above the spike to match the same height of the target at “161101_COOPER_2“. Adding the dimension from the notch to the true target height of 0.158 meters gives a true height above the spike at 1.588 meters.
Theodolite reset at 1.588 meters above the spike at point “161101_COOPER_1” ready for recording observations to “161101_COOPER_2“.
Just as before, the precisely leveled theodolite occupying “161101_COOPER_1” at a new height of 1.588 meters above the spike, viewing the target at “161101_COOPER_2” 1.588 meters above the spike with the telescope set level, ie, the zenith angle is 90 degrees. Just as before, the horizontal cross hair is clearly above the target 7,311 feet away. Both spikes were set at 60 millimeters above the water surface.
Close up view of the horizontal cross hair above the target 7,311 feet away. The instrument cross hair and the target are both set at the same elevation using the water as the level reference. The heights of the theodolite and the target are both set at 1.588 meters above the spikes which were both set at 60 millimeters above the water. Six sets of zenith angles were measured in F1 & F2 position.
Setting the target on point “161101_COOPER_1” at the new height and moving the theodolite to point “161101_COOPER_2” at the same height to complete the second set of independent observations.
The target at point “161101_COOPER_1” set up 1.588 meters above the spike facing point “161101_COOPER_2” ready for the second set of observations.
Theodolite reset at 1.588 meters above the spike at point “161101_COOPER_2” ready for recording observations to “161101_COOPER_1“.
Close up view of the horizontal cross hair above the target 7,311 feet away. The instrument cross hair set at point “161101_COOPER_2” and the target on point “161101_COOPER_1” are both set at the same elevation using the water as the level reference. The heights of the theodolite and the target are both set at 1.588 meters above the spikes which were both set at 60 millimeters above the water. Six sets of zenith angles were measured in F1 & F2 position.
Next, a multi-frequency multi-constellation GNSS receiver was set up on “161101_COOPER_2” at a fixed height of 2 meters above the spike to collect carrier phase raw data at a 1-second rate for a second independent session.
Next, a multi-frequency multi-constellation GNSS receiver was set up on “161101_COOPER_1” at a fixed height of 2 meters above the spike to collect carrier phase raw data at a 1-second rate. These two GNSS receivers logged data simultaneously for 55 minutes for a second independent session in order to post-process the vector between the points later.
Bench Marks are referenced to the geodetic datum.
A three-foot carpenters level was used to set 2 stakes close together on each side, for a total of four stakes numbered 1 & 2 on the southwestern edge and 3 & 4 of the northeastern edge.
The distance above the water surface was measured at 0.175 meters. All 4 stakes were set at the same distance above the water surface as closely and carefully as could be achieved. The least squares adjustment of all the observations reveals that the tops of all 4 stakes were set to be within the worst case range of 1/2 inch at elevation 26.03 feet NAVD88.
Target set on Stake 4 and GNSS receiver set on Stake 3 logging carrier phase multi-frequency, multi-constellation data at a 1-second rate at 2 meters over the stake.
All the targets were consistently maintained at the same height for each set up over each stake for each new occupation.
Wild T2 1-second Theodolite set on Stake 2 and GNSS receiver set on Stake 1 logging carrier phase multi-frequency, multi-constellation data at a 1-second rate at 2 meters over the stake.
The axis of the Theodolite was consistently set up at the same height as the targets for each new occupation of each stake.
The targets were precisely leveled and centered over each stake for each new occupation made on each stake.
The Theodolite was precisely leveled and centered over each stake for each new occupation made on each stake.
Sighting conditions were good. Sets of F1 & F2 observations were repeated for horizontal and for vertical angles to the targets and also to the tops of the 2 meter poles holding the GNSS receiver as shown in this picture. The target is on Stake 2 and the GNSS receiver is on Stake 1.
Late afternoon sun glare avoided using Kern umbrella.
Using Kern umbrella to cast shade onto the Theodolite.
GNSS data processing
T2 observation input
GNSS & T2 observations combined least squares adjustment results reported at 2 sigma (95% confidence)
Recording survey observations of NYC from 
View of my 
View at 4.0X using the 
The Wild T2 level vial.
Making adjustments to the Wild T2 internal 
Position of theodolite at point 161024_WRP_3 = N40°36’45.62613″, W74°28’20.39403″ (NAD83 2011), 503.151 feet orthometric height NAVD88 (2 Sigma error = +/- 0.02 feet N, +/- 0.01 feet E, +/-0.04 feet Elev.)
Theodolite crosshair is level at elevation 508.4 feet NAVD88 intersecting the 
Close up estimating 95th floor of the Empire State Building.
Computations and observation reductions combing measurements made from 
*DROP OF CURVE COMPUTED USING 8 INCHES TIMES MILES SQUARED.
